Response to Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are Essay

Amy Cuddy was an intelligent young woman who was known to be smart and gifted until the age of 19, when she had encountered a horrific car accident. After this accident, Amy woke up in a head injury rehab ward. Her head injury had caused her IQ to drop by two standard deviations and she had to withdrawal from college. From having a core identity as being smart to the knowledge of her decrease in IQ had left Amy completely powerless. She felt as if her identity had been taken away from her and had lost the confidence that she once had. She tried several times to get back into college and to pursue her education but they kept telling her that college was no longer meant for her and that she should consider another path. However, she kept trying without giving up. After struggles and chances, Amy had eventually graduated from college, 4 years later than her peers. She later spoke with an adviser, whom had helped her get into Princeton University. Amy Cuddy possessed certain qualities that allowed her to be successful after the car accident. From the intrapersonal or self-awareness realm, the quality that Amy contained was self-regard. Self-regard is to not only notice all the positive aspects of oneself, but to be fully aware of the less positive aspects as well and the individual continues to keep their head held high at the same time. Although knowing that her IQ level had dropped drastically, Amy Cuddy still held herself on high regards and kept trying to get back into College. This was emotionally and academically hard for Amy, but even when she was told that college was not meant for her and that she should consider following another path, she did not give up but kept trying. Although it was four years later than her peers, she still did manage to graduate from college. From the Intrapersonal realm that focuses on relationships with others, Amy contains the quality of developing a meaningful intrapersonal relationship with her adviser. This means to have healthy boundaries, to have a good intimacy and to use dynamic communication skills. Amy had good intimacy with her adviser and had convinced her adviser that she was qualified and that she had potential to attend Princeton University. Amy also contains the adaptability realm. This realm focuses on how an individual is able to handle different situations. Individuals who are strong in this field are able to be managing when things go unexpectedly. When Amy had finally gotten into Princeton University, at first she was afraid and was not as confident. She even consulted her adviser the day before her Princeton presentation and told her that she quits. Her â€Å"angel† adviser had given her this unique advise and told her to fake confidence, to fake it even if she was terrified and to do it until she gets to the point in which she realizes that she is actually doing it. Amy followed her adviser’s guidance and with success had continued her education. Through research, Amy recognizes stress-reducing skills. People who are more familiar and experienced in this area often discover stress-reducing skills. They come up with certain ways to soothe and calm themselves from the stress that they encounter. She learns about the cortisol levels and how body language plays an important role on the confidence and success level of an individual. After performing an experiment, Amy concludes that people with high power have a 25% decrease in the amount of cortisol while people with low power have a 15% increase in the amount of cortisol. She also concludes through the experiment that changing posture for a few minutes can actually change your life in meaningful ways. Performing high power poses tends to increase the confidence level of individuals, which leads them to perform their task successfully. From the general mood realm, Amy possesses the quality of optimism. Optimism allows individuals to analyze their situation realistically and in a positive manner. This trait gives them a sense of hope that there will be benefits without believing that unrealistic conditions may occur. In my opinion I believe that Amy was initially an optimistic person and even after her car accident, deep down she still was. Without being optimistic, Amy wouldn’t have been able to convince herself to go back to college and to pursue her education. She was told that she wasn’t meant for college but she did not give up. When speaking to her adviser, her adviser must have seen great potential in Amy for her to make the decision of making arrangements for Amy to attend Princeton. Amy showed her adviser the potential she had and proved to her that she was qualified. Without the optimism she wouldn’t have been able to convince her adviser. Amy did however want to give up right before the Princeton presentation, but that’s because she doubted herself and she felt out of placed, but what brought her through college and to the adviser was the optimistic trait that she possessed. She could of gave up right after her car accident when she was told that college was not for her, but she did not. By analyzing the emotional intelligence and academic realm, it can be said that Amy contains the quality of reducing impulsivity. Amy wanted to go to college although she was told that college was no longer an option for her. She knew that college might be more challenging for her and that she would finish college later than her peers. However, throughout the struggles, Amy knew that the outcome would be positive. When told to find another option than college, she could of easily found another way, but her determination to go to college and to pursue an education helped her begin her journey. She had a clear sense of what she wished to accomplish and chose to sacrifice time to reach her goal.

Marketing †product, pricing &description Essay

Initial Product: The Company plans to pursue vigorously and at an accelerated rate the development, production and marketing of artificial lumbar disc . The goal would be apart from being superior to other products it should affordable for the masses in Canada keeping in mind that very few people rely on medical insurances and pay from their own pocket.. Emphasis would be on improving the reliability of the device, and also incorporating digital circuitry or sensors to monitor the position of the device after it has been implanted on to the patient. The company would also like to pay for any revision surgeries for the patients if required. We would also manufacture associated devices/instrumentation required for surgical procedures. Short term Product: In the second year of business the Spinal Dynamics would try to pursue development of a cervical (upper back) artificial disc based on the previous design but much smaller in size. Long Term Product: Plan would be to improve the lumbar artificial disc and come up with better device material, in order to make it more durable and wear resistant. We would also try to incorporate digital circuitry in order to monitor the position of the device post surgically. DESIGN PROTOTYPE The design would be similar to the current Charite disc by Depuy Spine . A polymer sliding core at the middle with two cobalt chrome end plate would be the basic construct design. KEY FEATURES & BENEFITS The strategic product benefit of Prime disc would be its being minimally invasive, ability to alleviate pain and capability to restore normal range of motion. The main benefit would be that the device would be manufactured in Canada, and thus would be first of its kind. Spinal Dynamics would also file for patent protection . It would be economically priced, in order to make it more affordable for the masses in Canada. PRICING PLANS The current market price for an artificial disc implant is approximately 5000USD-10,000USD. The aim of Spinal Dynamics is to minimize the cost of the implant, by manufacturing the implant in Canada at half of the existing price. The price per device would be approximately 1000USD. COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENT Companies Differentiators Medtronic De-puy Synthes Spine. Core Competency brand name Huge range of products Backed by Johnson&Johnson Established brand name Technology/Innovation Highly innovative Highly innovative Specialized in spinal areas Unique distribution NO NO NO PART C: OPERATIONS LOCATION & FACILITIES Spinal Dynamics would be renting a 1500 sq feet area for our office space in Toronto, Canada. The space would be divided into 10 cubicles, with two cabins for the presidents and the senior scientist. 15 Dell Inspiron Desktops would be bought and housed in each cubicle and cabins. An annual license from Abaqus and CATIA would be purchased, which could be renewed from time to time. Apart from these a high speed internet connection, an office LAN would be required. A back up system would be put in place to secure the data files every week. External hard disks and other data storage devices would be bought for this purpose Also a Plotter and two HP Laser printer would be bought. On a parallel level a small office place would be leased in U. S at Toledo, Ohio from where few team members would be working. This group would be dealing with testing and development of experimental protocol for the device. Both the groups would be communicating via emails , phone calls etc. This model would enable Spinal dynamics to save some cost on procuring expensive equipments for testing , and also they can work with various universities in and around Toledo. Apart from this there would be direct communication with experts like Dr Vijay Goel and Lisa Ferrara who all belong to the Advisory committee and currently reside in U. S. R&D Plans: Spinal Dynamics will produce artificial disc implants with the strategic product benefits of being minimally invasive, will alleviate pain and would restore normal range of motion. Spinal Dynamic’s unique product design is based upon extensive market research. Though some reverse engineering concepts would be applied to the pre-existing products in the market, the idea would be to incorporate the best features from all of them. CATIA CAD software in synchronization with ABAQUS an FEA tool would be used for design development. After the design concept is fully developed a prototype will be manufactured. The design team will comprise of 5 team members who will be proficient in CAD/FEA area, this team will be headed by The R&D head Dr Ahmad Faizan. 1) All initial manufacturing work would be done by S&S manufacturing a 3rd party prototype manufacturing company. 2) The design’s functionality would be tested by various experiments, namely using MTS simulator and other biomechanical-cadaveric studies. The protocols would be developed accordingly and approved by the management. The testing could be done at various universities at a much cheaper cost than buying costly equipments initially. 3) Clinical trials would be undertaken through hospitals under the guidance of physicians and patients who would be willing to participate in this trial. Legal aspects would be taken care of, in case the design does not work. The patient’s suitability to the trial would be selected based on the physician’s decision. 4) After the first four stages a pilot manufacturing would be undertaken, and 100 devices would be produced. 5) The device’s testing results would be submitted for FDA and other approvals and accordingly vigorous testing would be undertaken if the need be. 6) After formal approval we would plan to set up a state of art manufacturing shop floor, where the devices would be manufactured and sterile packed. Title Description Start Date Finish Date Remarks Priority/ Sequence Facility development Construction June 2008 Oct 2008 Very important/ First priority Product development Design & prototype June 2009 Should be started as soon as the facility is set up Testing Clinical Trial-short term and long term September 2010 Approvals Obtaining approvals October 2010 Pilot Test Initial Pilot test November 2010 Production Full fledged production.

Statistical Techniques, Sample, and Data Collection Research Paper

Statistical Techniques, Sample, and Data Collection - Research Paper Example In a quantitative research, the sample refers to a group of people among the population with who the researcher has direct interaction or encounter with as part of the data collection process. The population can therefore be said to be a very large set made up of several people but the sample a subset within the larger set from who data is collected. Reading through reading through the work of Gall, Gall and Borg, one gets the understanding that having a sample is important for several reasons. In the first place, having a sample is very important to ensure that the researcher can have a group of people who can be handled well in relation to the time available for the study. What this means is that when there are so many people to deal with at a time, it may be difficult to perform an in-depth data collection. What is more, sample can be used to ensure that the researcher uses only people with the right form of information that the researcher seeks for the study. After the sample has been developed, a researcher may go ahead to collect data from the respondents or participants within the sample. Performing data collection can be very difficult for researchers and can even impact on the outcome of the study if the right data collection procedure is not selected. With this, Gall, Gall and Borg (2008) noted that there are several data collection procedures which are often defined under the research strategy that the researcher uses. For most quantitative research, the use of survey is used as the most preferred data collection procedure.

The Veterans Health Affairs Handbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Veterans Health Affairs Handbook - Essay Example As a medical student, I am aware of the growing demand for better health care in our country. This calls for more physicians and nurses as well as coordination of the two groups in offering health care, which is now prone to health care workforce problems. As such, I disregard the draft VHA Nursing Handbook that seeks to eliminate physician-led, team-based care within the VHA system since this will also prevent local facilities from providing such services thus jeopardizing primary health care. Moreover, I differ with medical practitioners who advocate for the independent use of nurses instead of physicians to address the health care workforce shortages since this will put the lives of most patients at a greater risk. Indeed, I think the best way to address these problems is to hire more staff and enhance integration and teamwork among all healthcare providers with a view of offering affordable and effective health care. Nevertheless, the draft VHA Nursing Handbook negates this appro ach as it fosters fragmentation in this sector.  Therefore, I think we should revise the draft VHA Nursing Handbook to reflect a team-based approach that will allow all parties in health care delivery to work together, share decisions and information to enhance healthcare delivery. Indeed, by enhancing integration and teamwork between VHA and physicians and APRNs, this draft would address fundamental challenges in health delivery. Furthermore, the draft should seek to offer longer-term solutions in the healthcare workforce instead of the questionable short-term measures it offers now. With these recommendations, I bet a revision of the draft VHA Nursing Handbook would suit the current healthcare needs.  

Bias and Diversity among healthcare services providers from an ethical Essay

Bias and Diversity among healthcare services providers from an ethical prospective - Essay Example n and medical trainees, to prevent unconscious stereotypes and cultural/racial attitudes from influencing the outcomes and course of clinical encounters. Such skills and strategies are designed to I. enhance internal motivation with an aim of reducing bias, while at the same time avoiding external pressure; II. Increase the understanding on the basis of psychological bias and III. Enhance the confidence of the providers in their ability to interact successfully with socially dissimilar patients. There is need for measures and programs that will offer an environment that is not threatening to practice new desirable skills and the need to avoid health providers ashamed of ethnic, cultural, or racial stereotypes. Studies on social cognitive psychology show that with sufficient cognitive resources, effort, and motivation, people are able to focus on the individuals’ unique qualities, and not on the groups they are from, in behaving and forming impression towards others. Even stereotypes and prejudice that are automatically activated can be inhibited when individuals are perceived more in relation to their particular qualities rather than as social categories members. Interventions to check on biases in health providers’ behavior, decision making, and judgment should therefore promote individuation cognitive strategy, where the health provider focuses on the personal attributes of a particular patient, and not on categorization (Baum 26). There is a direct relationship between health practices and culture. Different studies have shown that of the many factors that determine health behaviors and beliefs, culture is among the most influential. In an effort to meet the culturally diverse groups needs, health care providers have to be cultural competent. Dienemann (2007) defined cultural competence in his study as a set of congruent attitudes, policies, and behaviors that come together in an agency, a system, or amongst professionals and enable an agency, system or

Company report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company report - Essay Example From manufacturing and installation of modern orbit presses till the repair, maintenance and troubleshooting of the presses as well. The Sizer is the innovation body of pellet manufacturing presses. The pellet manufacturing operations of the Sizer Ltd is competing with rivals, where the challenges are more enough to survive in industry. 1. Remit The boundary of this study is confined under management and financial factors to analyze. We will initially focus on the factors of SWOT analysis of the Sizer Ltd and the industrial factors facing by the firm. The Sizer Ltd dealing with two dimensions, first consists on the pellet manufacturing and supplying operations where the number of competitors are large whereas the Sizer is facilitating in three different large markets of the world. Next operation of this firm based on the engineering and technical support division, which provides the pellets manufacturing presses. In pellets presses industry, the Sizer is the global leader which innov ate this technology in mid-nineties. 2. Background of Sizer Ltd History of Sizer Ltd consists on the combination of engineering innovation as well as the quality manufacturing of pellets. A British pioneer engineer established Sizer Ltd in 1899 in Hull, England. The first ever pallet manufacturing press was designed by the Albert Sizer, son of Sizer’s founder with the name and style of Cuber. ... The basic robust designs rapidly improve to meet the market requirements of quality efficiency and the cost effectiveness and become the familiar Orbit Pellet Press. Simultaneously, Sizer providing the wide range of pallet presses and the spare parts with technical supports which includes the maintenance and installation of presses. The most selling press of Sizer, Orbit presses is the most efficient more for manufacturing of pallets, the main characteristics of Orbit is easy for installation and adaptable for bespoke applications. This use in diverse industries like manufacturing of animal feed, charcoal briquetting, biomass, malting and flour millings. It has capacity from 200kg / hour to 10000kg / hour range availability which depends on material and type of manufacturing. Year 2008, the industry of pellet producing was sacrificing for the impacts of recession, which shows in Figure 2 that lower quantity of pellet manufacturing stoves sold and installed whereas, only boilers sold out by the Sizer because of barrier of new entry in industry but the only capacity enhancement through the boilers. (See Figure 2) 3. Method and Tool of Analysis We choose the SWOT as best analysis tool to identify the strength, weaknesses, threads and weaknesses of Sizer Ltd and the competitors as well. SWOT Analysis is the more frequently and easily understandable tool to identify the international factors of the firms which exhibit all the internal and external factors to understand the current position of the firm and the market or industry, furthermore, it helps to create the strategies of future to more stabilize the firm and achieve the organizational goals by capturing the

Psychoanalytic Literary Analysis of Rites of Passage Essay

Psychoanalytic Literary Analysis of Rites of Passage - Essay Example Rites of Passage is a poem written by Sharon Olds that can be effectively examined by this technique. On the surface, the poem speaks of six and seven year old boys attending the birthday party of the writer’s son. These boys are beginning to show many of the aspects of adult men. However, evaluating the text from a psychoanalytic standpoint shows underlying themes of hostility, problems letting go of the writer’s son and a lack of closure. One theme that emerges as part of Rites of Passage is hostility. Although the young boys are presented as innocent and simply growing up, the author appears to show a certain level of anger towards what these boys will become. The phrase â€Å"the dark cake, round and heavy as a turret† is one example of this. This cake is an interesting aspect of the poem, as it is mentioned only once, and does not seem fully relevant to the rest of the poem, which is focused on the boys themselves. The cake appears to be an item of war and o f hostility by the use of the term turret, as well as the dullness of its description. No information is given about what type of cake it is or any other aspects of its appearance, suggesting that this was not relevant to the writer. This concept of war is further developed later in the poem, with the description of the boys clearing their throats as generals would, and of them playing war. This theme suggests that the author is uncomfortable with the concept of her son growing up, in particular of the type of man that he might grow to become. One interpretation is that the writer has had negative experiences with violent men in her past and is afraid that one day her son will become one of these. A second theme that can be observed through a psychoanalytical approach to this poem is that the writer is having a difficult time letting go of her son. She spends a portion of the poem describing his physical appearance, including the freckles on his cheeks, his narrow chest and long han ds. The first of these aspects is highly affectionate, suggesting a deep love for her son. However, the second and third appear to be more reserved and analytical. She compares the boy’s chest to the keel of a balsa-wood boat, a form of wood that is fragile and light. The consideration of him like a boat also suggests that he is moving away from her, into open waters. Finally, the third description focuses on the boy’s hands, and also of the day that the boy was â€Å"guided† out of her when she gave birth to him. The use of this term suggests a deep sense that the boy is still being guided away from her. Coupled with the hostility theme, this could indicate that the writer feels her son is being pulled away from her to be a man that she does not want him to be. Despite the progression of the poem, there is no evidence of closure. The author does not resolve any of the issues with her son leaving or his growing up, giving the impression that she does not feel th ere is any alternative to letting him grow as he will. Using psychoanalytic literary analysis techniques on the poem Rites of Passage reveals potential underlying emotions that the author had on events described in the text. The aggressive and warlike symbolism provides

How would you describe International Political Economy Essay - 1

How would you describe International Political Economy - Essay Example Consequently, interactions define cooperation amongst nations and corporations in various countries. Hence, it is essential to note that governments have a responsibility of defining economic policies that determine transaction of international trade. Thus, the government’s role in defining economic policies enhances international relations in terms of the economy and politics while international forces in the economy can influence the policies of governments in international relations. Based on the foregoing, this expose describes international political economy on the foundation of interaction between international politics and the global economy. Frieden and Lake defined international political economy as the study involving the reciprocated interaction of politics and the economy in the global economic world (1). Following this perspective, it is common knowledge that the economy is the system that governs the processes constituting manufacturing, supplying, and consumption of products while managing a nation’s wealth efficaciously. On the other hand, politics is the approach towards governing a society and the society’s economy. In effect, international political economy involves studying the relationship between economic systems and political systems in the international arena. Political decisions and actions of nations influenced the flow of products in international trade. In effect, these political actions and decisions influenced the choice of decisions made by nations and entrepreneurs due to the prevailing economic environment (Veseth 3). In this case, international economy and international politics a re two mutually interacting aspects that governments and businesses should consider while developing policies meant to enable a nation to develop by participating in international trade. Despite this knowledge, it is possible for economists to disassociate international

Unit 4 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Unit 4 Individual Project - Essay Example on creates the incentive to trade the products you are good at producing in exporting transitions and the goods and services a country is not efficient at producing are imported into an economy. The end result of the trade activity among nation is a better standard of living of all the participating nations in international trade (Nobelprice, 2008). The Ricardian theory was derived from the principles of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory as far as its objectives. The theory is better than Heckscher-Ohlin because it adds the element of labor theory of value into the demand and supply approach used in the Heckscher-Ohlin economic model (Gontijo, 2000). Another major difference is the inclusion of the concept of competitive advantage into the Ricardian theory. Trade activity among trade partners positively affects the distribution of income of the countries involved in the transactions. The Heckscher-Ohlin model demonstrates the positive outcome of trade which increases the distribution of income the resident of nations. The way distribution of income is improved through trade is due to the appreciation of value as direct consequence of trade transactions. For example Argentina is able to produce apples at $1 a pound, and sells them in the open market at $1.75 per pound. In Brazil it cost $2 to produce the same apples, then Brazil has no incentive to produce apples since it can purchase them at $1.75 from Argentina. In the transaction Brazil acquired value in the form of $0.25 which is distributed in the economy of the nation and which positively affects the standard of living of all Brazilians. Factor endowment theory equalizes the relative costs between nations as well as the prices of factors of production (Csus). The principle assumption of the theory is that price equalization is derived from international activity trade among nations. The applicability of endowment theory is greatly enhanced by Leontief theory. The Leontief theory says that a country specialized in

Network Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Network Operating Systems Essay Multi tasking is when the operating system seems to be performing two or more tasks at the same time, i.e. MS Word and MS Access, however these tasks are not actually running simultaneously as they are actually resident in memory processor is actually switching between tasks at a very high speed, therefore each user sees their own task as having priority. One disadvantage can be that the more programs that are run by the user, the more memory that is required. Multi Tasking can be split into two categories, co-operative and pre-emptive. Co-operative is when the process currently controlling the CPU must offer a balanced share of the CPU to all other processes, hence Co-operative, as all processes must co-operate for it to work properly. Subsequently an MUOS will allow two or more users a share of the system resources at the same time. The use of the resources must be spread evenly between the requirements of the users so that a problem with one user does not become a problem between all users. Examples of co-operative multi tasking would be Windows 3x and Macintosh. Pre-emptive is when the applications are forced to share the CPU whether they want to or not and examples of this are Windows 95, NT and UNIX. How print sharing operates? NOS A print server allows multiple users access to a single printer. A print server will also give you information on the use of the printer. All print jobs are sent to a Network Printer, controlled by the server, where they will wait in turn to be printed. For example, you can: See how many people are using the printer; Set limits to the usage; Give higher priority to some workstations, allowing them to print before others; See who is currently printing or; See when your print job is coming up. MUOS The Multi-User Operating System Linux uses a printing system called LPD, which constantly runs as a background process and acts as a spooler for files when they are required to be printed. Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line) is where all input/output of non-shareable devices is redirected to an intermediate shareable device. This is done, for example to stop other processes queuing for long periods of time to access a certain device. The most common form of spooling would be print spooling, where documents are printed at the printers own rate after being loaded into an intermediate shareable area (buffer).) is where all input/output of non-shareable devices is redirected to an intermediate shareable device. This is done, for example to stop other processes queuing for long periods of time to access a certain device. The most common form of spooling would be print spooling, where documents are printed at the printers own rate after being loaded into an intermed iate shareable area (buffer). System Failure and Robustness On a MUOS, data must be backed up on a regular basis, as if the server goes down then all unsaved work or data on the network is lost. It is therefore necessary to make a hard copy of all-important data. It is also important to have a recovery disc made upon installation. However, on a Network Operating System there is a system failure then only the unsaved data on the actual client is lost and not across the entire Network. The clients will still be almost fully operational without the server itself. A Multi-User Operating System tends to be a lot more robust than a Network Operating System. It is widely recognised that windows in particular is very unpredictable at times and is prone to fatal errors. This is not the case with the likes of Unix or Linux. Application, file sharing and file locking File sharing is a very important part of a Network Operating System. Users will continuously need to access and share the same files across a network and giving them usernames and passwords can do this. However if two or more users were to try and access the same file (for example, a Word document) at the same time and both users on the Network had read and write access, then only one user would be granted access at a time and the other would be denied. This concept is known as File Locking. This could be looked upon as a basic traffic system, if you like, where as soon as one user has access to a file then the red light is switched on. Then, when the first user has finished with the particular file, the green light shows and the second user is free to access the data. In a Multi User Operating System, you would find a different method known as NFS (Network File System). This is a where the server or Network Administrator can control which users can have which type of access to diffe rent applications or files at specific times. Comparison Architecture Clients A Network Operating System uses a Graphical User Interface, as it is part of the Microsoft Windows family, which are all GUIs. This makes the Operating System much easier to use in many ways such as being more user friendly and easier to learn. However a Multi-User Operating System like Unix for example would use a Command Line Interface. This has its good and bad points being that the user has greater level of control over commands; the System is more stable and does not use excessive system resources. On the other hand, the users would  have to familiarise themselves with a lot of commands which can be time consuming. Both have the Kernel as the heart of the Operating System. This is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory and typically, is responsible for memory management, I/O system management, file system management, process and task management and scheduling, and disk management. The Kernel is essentially the nucleus of the operating system that provides basic services for all other components of the operating system. For each process, the Kernel holds a process identifier, the user identity and the size and location of the process. A Network Operating System and a Multi-Use r Operating System will normally operate using Thick and Thin clients respectively: Thin Client: No hard disk on client Connected to a server Applications run on server Data stored on server Mouse, Video, Keyboard etc. through which you can access server Can support sound, CD-ROM etc. Thick Client: Client has own hard disk Client has storage space Client can have own applications stored ETC. Basically the opposite of Thin clients A Network Operating System can support many hundreds of clients across a Local Area Network as can a Multi User Operating System. Protocols and Internetworking In order for a Network Operating System to send or receive data, the data must be broken down into packets by a method called a protocol. Windows NT uses the IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, and TCP/IP protocols for network communication. Netware uses IPX/SPX. UNIX, Linux, and the Internet all use TCP/IP. While different protocols usually cannot talk directly with each other, most Network Operating Software can understand more than one protocol. This also adds the possibility of Internetworking for most Network operating Systems as they can communicate freely over different Networks unlike MUOS. Both types of operating system (NOS and MUOS) have built-in TCP/IP networking, for communications across all forms of networks, and between all forms of computers. Other Protocols and the respective layers of the OSI models at which they operate are shown here: Application Telnet, HTML Presentation SMB, NCP Session NETBIOS (NETBEUI) Transport TCP Network IP. TCP/IP, IPX/SPX Data Link Ethernet Physical Radio Scalability: Multi User Operating Systems are far more scalable because they can run on literally every hardware platform, from the slowest hardware to the worlds fastest. Additionally, most UNIX operating systems support more than one processor, so a machine configured with 4 processors can support many more users than a machine with one processor of the same type. Security: Security measures are very important on any Operating System. On a Network operating System such as Win 2000 server it would be fairly easy to install some sort of security software (Firewall) such as one of the Norton Internet Security packages. Anti-virus software is also readily available and very widely used. With a Multi-User Operating System such as Unix, there are a number of security tools available to download as Freeware that perform a vast array of different tasks relating to security. Hardware requirements: the Typical Hardware requirements for installing two different Operating Systems (Linux and windows 2000 server) are shown here below (minimum and recommended): MUOS (Linux) Minimum Requirements 200 MHZ Processor required 32MB RAM 650MB Hard Drive CD-ROM Network Card NOS (Windows 2000 Server) Minimum Requirements Pentium compatible 133MHZ or faster 128MB RAM 2GB Hard Drive 1GB Free Recommended Requirements Pentium II 200MHZ 256 MB RAM 9GB Hard Drive 2GB Free CD Rom Network Card Costs: Financially, Multi-User a Operating System would be much more viable than a Network Operating System due to the fact that the MUOS can use dumb Terminals, which basically means that the majority of the hardware and more importantly software is on the actual server i.e. the clients (workstations) have only the essential components needed to operate. These would include  Keyboard, Mouse, monitor etc. however in the event of having a very large Network this could in effect end up equally as costly as a Network Operating System. Role of Network Administrator The role of a network administrator in large companies and consulting firms may be only managing network servers, adding users, and adding printers. However, most network administrators also do some desktop support as well as controlling network addresses, protocols used, and the network interfaces because these are all obviously network components. The network administrator will also control routing, name resolution, and assignment of TCP and UDP socket numbers because, again, these are all pretty clearly network specific components. In small companies, day-to-day network administration is often not a full time job and is assigned as a part-time task to someone in the office. To troubleshoot a network you must understand things, such as: how individual PCs work, general networking concepts, and product specific features. A network administrator is a manager: not of people but of computing resources. A network administrator is creating and managing user accounts, installing and maintaining print services, ensuring that the network is running smoothly and that the computers are running efficiently, maintaining the integrity of the network, handling user complaints, and so forth. Users would be allowed access to system resources by means of a user account, which would be set up and then users would be allocated a username and password(s). This would allow the Network Administrator to set different security levels for different clients and users. For example, within a company or Business, you would have different levels of access for different levels of staff members with management having access to more resources and data than perhaps an office junior etc. A network administrator should be able to manage resources by doing the following: Creating, managing and utilizing Windows 2000 shared folders Using the Distributed File System to provide easy access to network resources Using the Windows 2000 events logs to monitor system and application activities Using the Task Manager to observe and monitor resources Using the System Monitor in the Performance tool to optimize performance Using security policies to protect data and system integrity Using auditing to track security events The Network Administrator is also responsible for budgeting decisions regarding the Network itself. This would involve very closely monitoring each and every client, making decisions on whether new hardware or software is required and when. Any Firewalls or Antivirus software would also have to be updated continuously. Bibliography http://www.north.ecasd.k12.wi.us/Departments/TCS/Web%20Pages/Powerpoints/IT%20Essentials%202%20NOS%20chpt%206%203-03.ppt http://www.pctechguide.com/29network.htm#Client-Server http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.html http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/server/default.asp http://www.k12.hi.us/~tethree/95-96/landesign/G02/WHAT.html http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/networknos/index.htm http://suned.sun.com/US/catalog/courses/EC-425.html http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/server/evaluation/business/overview/scalable/default.asp http://www.devdaily.com/unix/edu/UnixSysAdmin/node2.shtml http://www.linksys.com/edu/nos.asp http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~salmadra/common.htm http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2000/07/20/LinuxAdmin.html http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/introint.htm#xtocid2 http://www.cert.org/tech_tips/unix_security_checklist2.0.html http://www.cert.org/tech_tips/usc20_full.html#A13 Dick, David (2002) The P.C. Support Handbook. Kirkintilloch: Dumbreck Publishing

Amines Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles Synthesis

Amines Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles Synthesis Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction To cure deadly disease such as cancer, significant endeavors have been done in synthesizing nanomaterials (Xue et al., 2011). Ideal nanoparticle system will own multimodality for imaging and therapy. It will carry out as an excellent bioprobes to find disease site and as a carriers to target cells. In biomedical field, they have been demonstrated to be useful in immunoassays, gene assays, and photodynamic therapy. For this application, utilization of upconversion luminescence (UCL) emission is favorable (Zhou et al., 2013). Upconversion luminescence is a process where low energy light is converted to higher energy light through sequential absorption of multiple photons induced by low power continuous wave laser. The utilization of near infrared (NIR) laser to induced the multiple photons energy transfer impart to the minimization of auto-fluorescence, less damage to cells, and larger penetration depth compete with ultraviolet (UV) excitation (Shen et al., 2012). Inorganic rare earth (RE) (lanthanide) nanomaterials lately have been exposed to be most preferred luminescent biolabels, due to the rigid crystal host lattice maintain the emitting RE dopants from environmental effects. Furthermore, lanthanide ions are acknowledged to show efficient upconversion luminescence. Inorganic crystals do not exhibit upconversion luminescence at room temperature. The upconversion phenomena particularly takes place in singly or multiply doped host systems. Therefore, researches focus on materials that composed of a crystalline host and RE dopants attached to the host lattice in low concentration. Behave as multipurpose bioprobes implemented in nanomedicine, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) should be come up with uniform size and morphology, water soluble, and appropriate surface functional group for bioconjugation as well as high luminescent efficiency (Sun et al., 2014; Li et al., 2010). To fulfil these requirements, many attempts have been allocated to the controlled synthesis. Previous Study Kramer et al. (2004) reported the successful preparation of hexagonal sodium yttrium fluoride based green and blue emitting upconversion phosphors. The acquired phosphor materials reveal no deterioration under high-power infrared laser excitation. Li et al. (2008) prepared hexagonal phase NaYF4:Yb, Er/Tm nanocrystal with a â€Å"user-friendly† method by constructing small solid-state crystal nuclei and further growth and ripening of the nuclei. All the nanocrystals revealed strong upconversion fluorescence. Li et al. (2008) reported successful preparation of multicolor core/shell-structured upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles. This was the first report in the field using such nanoparticles for bioimaging. In this work, uniform hexagonal-phase NaYF4 nanospheres with strong upconversion fluorescence and core/shell silica/NaYF4 structures are produced, with uniform silica coating on the surface. Jalil et al. (2008) synthesized uniform silica coated hexagonal phase NaYF4 nanocrystal with strong NIR to visible upconversion fluorescence. The results from this study revealed that the silica coated NaYF4 upconversion nanocrystals displayed good in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, demonstrating their potential applications in both cellular and animal imaging systems. Hu et al. (2009) prepared uniform silica-coated NaYF4: 20 mol% Yb, 2 mol% Er nanocomposites with good dispersibility, containing organic dye incorporated in the silica shell and folic acid conjugated on the surface of the shell. The core–shell nanocomposites are 20–22 nm in size, water soluble, and buffer stable, with good photostability and biocompatibility. Garcia et al. (2012) prepared a novel strategy for the therapeutic delivery of nitric oxide to physiological target. They demonstrated the use of upconverting nanoparticles to facilitate NO uncaging from a well characterized precursor by 980 nm irradiation from a simple NIR diode laser operating in the continuous mode. Chien et al. (2013) formulated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the NIR-triggered targeting and drug delivery vehicles that successfully deliver in vitro and in vivo for near-infrared light photocontrolled targeting, bioimaging, and chemotherapy. Problem Statement As described previously, UCNPs are considered as useful biomaterials in biomedical application. The unique properties of UCNPs have given interest to many researchers to functionalize the surface for biological usage. A sort of method to synthesize UCNPs have been evolved. There are three common methods usually used, co-precipitation (Yi et al., 2004), thermal decomposition (Li et al., 2008), and hydro(solvo)thermal (Liu et al., 2007). Thermal decomposition is the best technique to obtain highly monodisperse UCNPs. In this method, rare earth (RE) trifluoroacetates are heated to attain thermal equilibrium in the presence of oleic acid and octadecene. Here, oleic acid function as a stabilizing agent to terminate particle agglomeration, while octadecene behave as a high boiling point solvent (Boyer et al., 2006). The oleic acid forms a coordinate bond to the surface of particles, so causing it hydrophobic. UCNP prepared via thermal decomposition is well dispersed in organic solvents such as cyclohexane but insoluble in aqueous solution. If employed in biosciences, UCNPs particularly are implemented in aqueous solution. Therefore, they have to be dispersible in water. To make it water dispersible, we need to modify the surface of upconversion nanoparticle. A common method to make it water dispersible is by coating with silica layer (Li et al., 2008). In order to be applicable in affinity assays and bioassays, the surface of UCNPs has to be functionalized to facilitate covalent immobilization of appropriate biomolecules. Such surface chemistry is expected to be versatile to facilitate immobilization of proteins, receptors, enzymes, or nucleic acid oligomers. Therefore, here we studied about the surface functionalization of upconversion nanoparticles for biological usage. Research Objectives In this study, amines functionalized upconversion nanoparticles were synthesized using stober process with hydrothermal treatment to enhance the amines stability on the surface. The size and zeta potential of particles are characterized by using dynamic light scattering in various solvent. The morphology of particles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The amines substitution level and amines stability on the surface is characterized by using fluorescamines assay in various solvent.

The Hunting of the President :: President Bill Clinton

The Hunting of the President presented an argument by Harry Thomason and Nickolas Perry that from 1990 to 2000 a group of people were committed to destroying the reputation of William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton. Through elaborate testimonials, the claim is that this group of well-funded individuals as well as media attempted to gain from Clinton’s alleged misfortunes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film begins with a narration that took place approximately ten days before the 1992 presidential election, Andrew Cooper, a reporter from New Zealand, is approached by a man named Everett Hamm. According to Cooper, who explains his story to the camera, Hamm explained that he was a part of a group called the Alliance for the Rebirth for an Independent America (ARIA). The right-wing, well-funded organization, Cooper claimed, was dedicated to discrediting the Clinton family by any means possible. The filmmakers show a tall, bald-headed, burly man with a lot of shadow over his face to portray Hamm has a monstrous individual. Hamm and his well-known co-partner, lawyer Cliff Jackson, planned to do everything they could to hurt Clinton’s reputation. The filmmakers state that in 1988, the state of Arkansas hired an ex-jingle producer as a marketing representative by the name of Larry Nichols. The film makes it known that after it was discovered that Nichols was using his state office and resources to help fund the contras in Nicaragua, Governor Clinton fired Nichols. Four years later, in 1992, Star Magazine paid Nichols $50,000 for his story that Clinton had sex with a group of women while Governor in the state of Arkansas. The camera immediately shows the front cover of Star Magazine and Nichol’s story about Clinton. All the women denied the affair happened, except one woman by the name of Gennifer Flowers. Flowers publicly claimed that she and Clinton had a 12-year relationship. The film presents Flowers standing at a podium where she told the press about her alleged affair with Clinton. However, the woman who happened to be a former recording artist at Nichol’s old recording studio eventually changed her story. The filmmakers also state that in August 1993, two Arkansas troopers alleged that Clinton asked them to cover up numerous extramarital liaisons while he was Governor. They were represented by a former Oxford classmate of Clinton, Cliff Jackson. It is believed that the troopers had two motives for their allegations. Jackson told the troopers that he would â€Å"cut them in† on everything from magazine features to movie deals.

Direct and Indirect Costs :: Economics

Direct and Indirect Costs Direct costs ============ An organisation can apportion the costs incurred in the production of products or services in either a direct or an indirect manner. The direct costs can be defined as being the amount materials actually cost plus any other directly linked costs, such as labour. (for Quirk, materials, electricity, labour employee and management, machine depreciation) Production materials, machine or assembly wages =============================================== 1. Labour and wages – the cost of obtaining, training and retaining labour is a significantly high cost which must be allocated to each unit of production. There are many legal obligations as well as social and welfare considerations, which add to this high costs total. In order to work out the exact labour and wages costs to be attributed to each unit of production, an organisation must take a careful study of the production process and allocate the appropriate expenses. If, for example, an individual earns  £10 per hour and processes 10 units during that hour, then  £1 of direct costs may simply be added to each unit. Unfortunately, things are not that simple. There are many other individual costs which an organisation must bear in the employment of individuals. These may include employer’s national insurance contributions, pension payments and insurance policy payments. In most organisations, labour and wage costs account for the majority of direct costs. 2. Materials – the costs of materials differ according to the sector in which an organisation operates. As organisation that operates in the primary sector has comparatively low material costs. At the other end of the scale, in the tertiary sector, the costs of finished goods to a retailer for example, will be extremely high. The principal elements that affect the costs of materials should be included in the organisation's overall budgetary controls. In addition, an organisation must also consider the cost of materials in relation to market demands, as these will inevitably cause periodic fluctuations in material costs. Only those materials that are actually used in the production of a product or service should be considered part of the cost of that product or service. Task 2 Page 2 Other consumables used by the organisation are classed as indirect costs and are considered under separate budgets. Indirect costs ================== (for Quirk, rent/rates, sales/ marketing/ insurance/ non-production depreciation management salaries) Indirect costs are costs incurred in the running of an organisation that cannot be easily apportioned to the production process.

Themes of Honor and Shame in Invisible Man Essay -- Ralph Ellison

EXECUTE SHAME GENTLY Invisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, addressing many social and moral issues regarding African-American identity, including the inside of the interaction between the white and the black. His novel was written in a time, that black people were treated like degraded livings by the white in the Southern America and his main character is chosen from that region. In this figurative novel he meets many people during his trip to the North, where the black is allowed more freedom. As a character, he is not complex, he is even naà ¯ve. Yet, Ellison’s narration is successful enough to show that he improves as he makes radical decisions about his life at the end of the book. The nameless narrator is a young black person, who attends his college regularly. He follows certain directions to lead a normal life. Yet, his life has to diverge from what it is as he makes a huge mistake, which can not be forgiven by the Headmaster, Dr. Bledsoe. Mr. Norton, one of the trustees, is chauffeured by the narrator and in the trip they take together, the narrator shows him the places, where the real life that blacks have is obvious. Raged at this, Dr. Bledsoe’s reaction towards the naà ¯ve narrator is harsh and he is sent away from the college. The events have key points to them in terms of how the characters choose to behave under certain conditions. These conditions are mostly related to honor and shame, pride and humiliation, ambition to take over and passivity. Dr. Bledsoe is a black person and the Headmaster of the College. For the analysis of his character and his role, the understanding of the college should be complete and clear. It is an education institute, founded by white people in the name of educating the ... ...s this is not done, the actual shameful people are the white who tolerate it. They should feel shameless, helpless, defeated and flawed as they lower themselves for their benefit. Dr. Bledsoe’s ideas and thoughts and actions should be re-examined now that the white society is analyzed. He is not a man of honor in any case, in any definition but knowing what to do should be tolerated by the readers and he should not be accused of being a hypocrite just because of the sympathy we have for the narrator. The abstraction of â€Å"honor† and â€Å"shame† may often lead to different perspectives. Ralph Ellison’s novel helps us to discuss the themes of honor and shame by providing disputable subjects, emplaced in the complex issue of racism. Now is the time to turn into ourselves and look for the true and honorable self. Please execute the shameless part of you gently†¦

Lebanese Women’s Rights

LEBANESE WOMEN’S RIGHTS FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM, ATTENTION, &DIGNITY BY MAZEN AL KHANSA ENG201 INSTRUCTOR ISSAM HATOUM 7 January 2009 I picked this topic because it excited and stimulated me to believe that we are now accepting Lebanese Women to be equally adversarial with men and to attain their rights for better living. The audiences shown are all Lebanese Women to be spoken for that have given up their social, economical, and political being to degradation, failure, and fugitivity. OUTLINE: Thesis: Lebanese women nowadays enjoy equal civil, social, and economical rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers, thanks to Arab societies/Islamic religion that provided for her. I. Rights for Lebanese Women A. Economic Rights and equal opportunity B. Political Rights and Civic Voice C. Social and Cultural Rights II. Recommendations for preserving women’s rights and continuity in Lebanese civilization III. Other Rights for Women Worldwide(Particularly USA) The family in Lebanon, as elsewhere in the region, assigns different roles to family members on the basis of gender. The superior status of men in society and within the narrow confines of the nuclear family transcends the barriers of sect or ethnicity. Lebanese family structure is patriarchal. The centrality of the father figure stems from the role of the family as an economic unit, in which the father is the property owner and producer on whom the rest of the family depend. This notion prevails even in rural regions of Lebanon where women participate in peasant work. Although the inferior status of women is undoubtedly legitimized by various religious texts, the oppression of women in Arab society preceded the advent of Islam. The roles of women have traditionally been restricted to those of mother and homemaker. However, since the 1970s Arab societies have allowed women to play a more active role socially and in the work force, basically as a result of the manpower shortage caused by heavy migration of men to Persian Gulf countries. In Lebanon the percentage of women in the labor force has increased, although the Islamic religious revival that swept Lebanon in the 1980s, reasserted traditional cultural values. As a consequence, veils and abas (cloaks) have become more common among Muslim women. Among Christians, the war enabled women to assume more independent roles because of the absence of male family members involved in the fighting. Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women, Lebanese women enjoy equal civil rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers (for example, women constituted 41 percent of the student body at the American University of Beirut in 1983). Although women have their own organizations, most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties.

The Role of Teachers as Nation Builders

The role of teachers in the building of a nation can not be ignored. It is they who influence the immature minds of the youth and tries to mould the living stuff into various forms. It is they on who depends the future of the nation. Hence, they are the most important part of the society. In the past, teachers were considered respectable figures even by the kings and the emperors, because only teachers were there to guide and advice them in hours of crisis. They were the true benefactors of the society.With the change of time they lost their dignity to some extent. Still, they are considered the backbone of a nation, and a society. Teachers are the real guide of the students. With their deep knowledge of the subject and teaching technique they can impart valuable information to the students. They can guide them towards noble deeds, studies, health, and cleanliness and above ail the moral values of life. All these qualities enable a child to grow into an ideal citizen of his/her natio n. Teachers are considered the noblest section of the society.This increases their responsibility towards nation and the students to a great extent; they must be dedicated to the service of the students. Their own actions and high ideas about life can easily shape the young minds into good personalities and responsible citizens of tomorrow. They are a guiding light for students throughout their lives. The importance of the role of the teachers as an agent of change, promoting understanding and tolerance has become more obvious today. This places enormous responsibilites on teachers who participate in the moulding of the character and minds of the new generation.Now days, the whole scenario has been changed. Teachers and parents are engaged in blaming each other. Parents are displeased with them because their sons and daughters do not do well in the examination. Teachers blame the parents that they do not pay much attention on their wards due to lack of time. Even we do not find any accord between the teachers and the students. The overall result is that the students have become aggressive, bold and daring- They are less concerned with their studies and think more about other activities. The teachers become helpless at this juncture.This leads to dissatisfaction and frustration among them. They do not get proper respect from the students. In addition to this, the teachers are not paid highly and regularly. This makes their situation miserable. It is necessary to improve the conditions of the teachers. Only then they will continue their job with full vigour and zeal. Only then they will discharge their duty towards the students as well as the nation in true sense of the term. Only then their potentialities will shine in the new generation, the real hope of the nation.

Creating Shared Value: Lessening the Tension Between Society and the Economy by Utilizing Corporate Social Responsibility to Its Full Potential

Creating Shared Value: Lessening the Tension between Society and the Economy by Utilizing Corporate Social Responsibility to its full Potential PA 311 Introduction to Civic Engagement INTRODUCTION Commerce is an essential part of humanity. Without commerce man would most likely still be in an animalistic state relying on the hunter-gatherer life style. With business and trade, come economic prosperity and a higher standard of living. However, business can also create situations that are unjust and not equitable for all humans.On the same token, society can create environments in which a business cannot successfully operate. A tension between economy and society has existed since the beginning of modern human culture. Throughout history cultures have tried to lessen the tension with mixed results. Communism attempted to eradicate the problem by eradicating the profit motive but in the end, it was unsuccessful. Socialist theorists failed to understand that business is part of human nat ure and if wielded correctly can benefit not only the business, but the society as well.In modern times the attempt to lessen the tension between the two has taken the form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). While it has many benefits it also leaves the profit motive out of the equation by only focusing on the needs of society and not of business. In its current state, CSR is not a sustainable form of philanthropy and will ultimately fail. A newer version of CSR, Creating Shared Value takes into account, not only society’s needs but the businesses’ as well. By operating within this model we can create a self-sustainable equilibrium in which both business and society as a whole, prosper.Only by uniting the two, and focusing on the commonalties, not the differences, can we create a situation in which the tension between economics and society are tempered. This paper will show how the modern era attempted to lessen the tension between the two by the creation of CSR . It will show the history of the program and ultimately its failings. Later, it will focus on the new concept of Creating Shared Value and how it can benefit society and lessen the tension between economics and society. Origins of Corporate Social ResponsibilityBenjamin W. Heineman, a senior vice president for law and public affairs at General Electric, defines CSR as. 1. Strong, sustained economic performance. 2. Rigorous compliance with financial and legal rules. 3. Ethical and other citizenship action, beyond formal requirements, which advance a corporation’s reputation and long-term health (Olowski, p. 6). These concepts were not the norm in business forty years ago. Most people believed that corporation’s sole responsibility was to conduct business and be profitable.However, the role of business in society began to be seriously questioned during the cultural revolution of the 1960s. With the possible exception of the depression of the 30s corporations were held i n high esteem in America. From the early beginnings of US business to the 1960s people assumed that business existed solely to serve the economic needs of the country. Businesses produce goods and services and employ citizens thus providing them economic security. Employed Americans can then buy more goods and services producing more commerce and business which leads to more employment (Wilson, 2000, p. 3).This role is very important in a society because if it is done correctly, it will eventually raise the standard of living for most of its citizens. This idea that corporations were merely agents of economics was not seriously challenged until the 1960’s (Wilson, 2000, p. 6). During the turbulent 60s there were many societal changes that led to the birth of Corporate Social Responsibility and a heighted sense of conflict between society and business. Affluence doubled in the decade of the sixties allowing more young adults to attend college. Citizens of the US became more fi nancially stable and better educated (Wilson, 2000, p. ). With this social growth came more expectations from corporations in regards to safety, quality, and environmental considerations. They also had increased consumer buying power giving them the freedom to choose which products and from which firms they would purchase. At the same time confidence in our institutions were begging to wane in part due to the war in Vietnam and the Civil Rights movement (Ackerman, 1979, p. 4). Corporations, which were run mostly by an older generation, were quick to dismiss the changing tides as â€Å"a few radical kids on campus† (Wilson, 2000, p. 8).However, as pressure mounted on American corporations, many politicians took the mantle and conducted congressional hearings to investigate corporate scandals. Starting in the late 60’s corporations’ general mentality began to change as they felt the impact on their corporate image and their bottom line (Wilson, 2000, p. 10). Thoug h there had always been tension between the public and business, not until the 60’s was there such a strong public backlash to corporate scandals. Starting with boycotts of the Civil Rights Movement and the agricultural sector, businesses began to change their attitudes towards the public.This was exacerbated with the scandal of Nestle, who, for decades, sold infant formula as a substitute for breast milk in many developing nations with devastating effects on infant development (Richter, 2001, p. 50). Also during the Vietnam War, Dow Chemical, the major producer of napalm and Agent Orange saw their public image devastated. The two chemicals that they sold to the US government compounded the pain and suffering of the Vietnamese people and many in the US began to protest and boycott their products. Later in the 20th century Nike was found to have unfair working conditions in many of its factories in developing nations.This scandal, like that of Nestle and many others, had a det rimental effect on the company’s reputation and ultimately their profits. US corporations knew they had to react to stay competitive in the changing world. American firms changed from being reactionary to social and political scandals to being pro-active. In an attempt to restore their image with the public they started to invest in what is now known as Corporate Social Responsibility. Problems with Corporate Social Responsibility Porter and Kramer in their work Strategy and Society (Harvard Business Review, 2006, p. ), remark that there are four main arguments for Corporate Social Responsibility: moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. However, most companies CSR approaches were created and implanted to bolster their reputations. Not that this is particularly unfounded because in this market economy many companies live or die by their reputations. Their CSR policies can produce some societal benefits. However, many focus on â€Å"short term def ensive reactions†¦ with minimal value to society and no strategic benefit for the business† (Porter, Kremer, 2006 p. ). Porter and Kremer (2006) also state that all four of these rationales share the same weakness; â€Å"they focus on the tension between business and society rather than on their interdependence. They mostly focus on issues that are unrelated to their business practice and set up philanthropic programs designed to bolster their corporate image† (p 4). For example Ford, which up until recently, were having monetary difficulties, donated a large portion of money to help develop an environmentally friendly high tech football stadium for the Detroit Lions.The idea was well intentioned but keeping the money and investing in many of their Midwest plants could have kept them from shutting down, thus preserving jobs and stock holder equity (Olowski, p. 12). The major criticism of CSR is that it is a shield against corporation’s wrong doings. One migh t argue that they are trying to buy the public’s support by investing in projects that will gain them notoriety. Though CSR in this state may be well intentioned, giving money away frivolously does little to assist the business and in most cases does little for society.This is unfortunate, because corporations possess vast resources and have the potential to create a lasting impact. Companies have a symbiotic relationship with the communities in which they live and do business. An unhealthy community is not a good environment for firms and likewise an unhealthy company does not benefit the community. A company that seeks profits at the expense of its people will be unsuccessful. However the reverse is also true; citizens who attempt to drive out successful businesses will only end up hurting their communities.Only by recognizing the linkage between the two will the tension between society and business be tempered. As Wilson states in his book, The New Rules of Corporate Condu ct (2000, p. 16); â€Å"But the scene (CSR) is ever in motion. There is no point of stability and equilibrium. Where we are now is not a settled end point but a springboard to the future. † The new concept of Creating Shared Value attempts to restore the balance and equilibrium between society and business. Creating Shared Value Porter and Kramer wrote in their study, Strategy and Society (2006, P. ) that â€Å"no business can solve all of life’s ills. † Companies, historically, have used CSR to focus on issues not related to their business model and have gotten mixed results both from society and their bottom line. This is not a sustainable business model because it does not create wealth potential. Many CRS initiatives have been disregarded by firms due to lack of share holder interest and monetary problems. Instead, Porter and Kramer argue that a more sustainable system should benefit both parties.Firms, wanting to engage in CSR, should focus on a single issu e that creates shared value between the business and society. By focusing on social issues directly related to the business they can create a greater impact that is measurable and sustainable. In essence, Creating Shared Value is about benefiting the society and the company. When the two come together to create shared value both benefit tremendously and the tension is lessened. A good example of the concept of Creating Shared Value comes from an unlikely source; Nestle.Although they partook in some unforgivable business practices, they possess some redeeming qualities. In the 1960’s Nestle built a dairy in the northern Indian province of Moga. This was an extremely poverty stricken area where farmers lacked refrigeration and veterinary care for their cows. Nestle built refrigerated collection points in each town and sent its trucks to come and collect milk from each farmer. Nestle also provided veterinary care and information to the farmers not only for their benefit but to e nsure that the milk they were receiving was of high quality.The relationship between the farmers of Moga and Nestle continued to grow and benefited both tremendously. When Nestle opened its first dairy, they had only 180 farmers who sold milk. As of when this study was produced there are now over 75,000 (Porter, Kramer, 2006 p. 11). Now Moga has a significantly higher standard of living in comparison with other provinces of India. Nestle benefited by entering into a new market and gaining a competitive advantage without having to pay middlemen for their milk. This is a good example of how shared value can benefit both the society and the business.CONCLUSION Throughout human history many have attempted to resolve the conflict between economics and society. Even in the early stages of the United States our founding fathers recognized that a strong economy would foster an even stronger society. As Henton, Melville and Walesh state in their book The Civically Engaged Reader (2004, P. 91 ); â€Å"Adams and Madison reconciled these extremes with their pragmatic view that civic government and free markets could channel self-interest toward public good. The modern commercial society developed from a market economy based on shared principals. During the modern era, many companies attempted to diminish the tension between their business and the surrounding society with the creation of Corporate Social Responsibility. They figured that if they invested in social programs their image would not be negatively affected. Ultimately, CSR was a failure because it did not recognize the link between society and business. Instead, it focused solely on preserving the companies’ reputation without realizing the potential business opportunities that the commonalities could create.Creating Shared Value attempts to fix the failings of CSR by concentrating on the linkage between society and business and creating opportunities that benefit both parties. As Porter and Kramer state in Strategy and Society (2006, P 13); Efforts to find shared value in operating practices and in the social dimensions of competitive context have the potential not only to foster economic and social development but to change the way companies and society think about each other.Only by realizing that society and economics engage in a symbiotic relationship will we be able to extinguish the tension between the two. Works Cited Olowski, Lew J. Corporate Social Responsibility: It’s History, Ethical Justification, And Abuses in the Business World. Retrieved from http://www. rockhurst. edu/news/events/images/projecti/olowski. pdf Porter, M. E. , Kramer, M. R. (2006) Strategy and Society. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http://www. salesforcefoundation. org/files/HBR-CompetiveAdvAndCSR. pdf Henton, D. , Melville J. , Walesh K. 2004). Civic Revolutionaries. San Francisco, CA: Jossey – Bass. Wilson, I. (2000). The New Rules of Corporate Conduct: Rewriting the Social Ch arter. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Davis, L. E. , Hughes, J. R. , McDougall, D. M. (1969). American Economic History: The Development of a National Economy. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Richter, J. (2001). Holding Corporations Accountable. New York, NY: Zed Books Ltd. Ackerman, R. W. , Bauer, R. A. (1979). Corporate Social Responsiveness: The Modern Dilemma. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, Inc.

Ethical Dilemmas for Counseling

Ethical, Legal, And Professional Issues In Counseling — Presentation Transcript 1. James F. Whittenberg, M. Ed. , CSC, LPC Rivera High School, Brownsville ISD Doctoral Candidate, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN Counselor’s Institute, South Padre Island, TX January 27-29, 2011 2. This presentation is intended to raise awareness of ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling and reduce the risk of unethical or unlawful behavior that might result in legal complications for counselors.Participants will be asked to be actively involved in group discussions pertaining to ethical dilemmas. Guidelines and recommendations for ethical decision-making will also be provided. Goals and Objectives 3. Definitions Ethical Decision Making Model Meta-Ethical Principles American School Counselors Association. (ASCA, 2004). Ethical Standards for School Counselors. American Counseling Association. (ACA, 2005). Code of Ethics. Texas State Board of Examiners of Licensed Professi onal Counselors. (LPC, 2010). Code of Ethics. Case Studies of Ethical Dilemmas Overview 4.Morality – Morals influenced by cultures and beliefs Ethics – Set of ideal standards and rules of conduct expected of individuals in specific professions Law – Rules of society enforced by government Best Practice – Practicing in the most competent way possible Reasonableness Standard – Each person owes a duty to behave as a reasonable person would under the same or similar circumstances Professionalism – Abiding by moral principals, ethical codes, legal statutes, best practice, a strong ethical decision making model, and the reasonableness standard Definitions 5.Identify Problem Apply Meta-Ethical Principles Apply Strictest, Current Ethical Code Apply School/District/Agency Policy Consult with a Supervisor or Colleague Consider All Consequences Define Course of Action Corey, Corey, & Callanan (2007) Issues & Ethics in the Helping Professions . 7 th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Ethical Decision Making Model 6.Beneficence: Do good to benefit society Nonmaleficence: Do no harm to clients Autonomy: Freedom of choice & Control of one’s life Justice: Fairness and Equitable Fidelity: Responsibility of trust & faithful commitments Veracity: Truthful and Honesty Corey, Corey, & Callanan (2007) Issues & Ethics in the Helping Professions . 7th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Moral Principals 7.Counseling relationship & Non-therapeutic relationships Confidentiality & Privacy Professional Responsibility Assessment & Testing Research & Publication Records (maintenance & access) Duty to Warn / Imminent Danger Advertising, Fees, Gifts, & Bartering Informed Consent & Disclosure Group Counseling Ethics, Law, Professionalism, & Competency Commonalities: ASCA, ACA, & LPC 8. American School Counselor Association (ASCA, 2005).Ethical Standards for School Counselors . http :// www. schoolcounselor. org/files/ethical%20standards. pdf R evised from 1998 to 2004 Emphasis: multicultural competency; legal statutes; accountability; student and parent rights; advocacy Aligned with the ASCA National Model Academic, career, personal, and social development Use of â€Å"student† instead of â€Å"client† Inclusion of â€Å"guardians† along with â€Å"parents† American School Counselor Association

Cap task 3 step#1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cap task 3 step#1 - Term Paper Example The duty of New York Downtown hospital is to have a positive influence on existence and health of persons and population through issuing quality services directed by Christian values. This hospital employs the best physicians and nurses who issue patients with splendid health care in state-of-the-art skills. The only problem it is facing is the fact that it has a lot more clients than it can serve. The customer service seems inefficient not because the doctors and nurses are not skilled, but because of the excess number of patients being received on a daily basis. This problem is affecting the efficiency and of operation of the New York Downtown Hospital in many ways. First, the organization is receiving large numbers of patients with related problems that sometimes are unable to handle. Second, several people in the region are losing their lives due to this poor attendance by the doctors and nurses who are forced to rush on their services in order to attend almost all patients. This is a major challenge that requires a quick solution to save the lives of the Manhattan residents. The problem also causes distrust among the Manhattan patients who feel they do not receive effective treatment they deserve (Preston, 2010). New York Downtown hospital has been conscious about this challenge for some time and has put into practice some measures to lessen the prevalence and if possible, curb the problem. The problem has brought fourth other effects like poor customer service and poor sanitation which lead to other complications. The broad problem statement is how to curb the effects related to this problem. People are losing their lives which can be saved if correct measures are put in place (Preston, 2010). Individuals in the Manhattan region are still dying of poor sanitation, and related diseases. Most of them also lose their lives from poor services they receive due to the haste employed by the doctors and nurses in the

Response 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Response 2 - Essay Example For this reason, followers of the religion are the least westernized. In addition, Appiah (2006) recognizes the importance of religion is retaining the cultural and social balance. In an example, he cites that the superior nature of man over women is today recognized as a religious teaching. However, this is important in cultural or social setting. However, Appiah is correct to argue against the use of violence to retain social balance or cultural purity. Generally, the article portrays the role of religion as a mandatory way of retaining the purity of cultures and humanity. However, this approach to humanity cannot be effective in the modern humanity. People have the freedom to explore other cultures and social paradigms without being held back by religious customs or untimely religious interpretations. In the response by India Ferguso’s post, I agree with the argument that the religious view of one person should not be universal. This is based on that each religion or person may have different perception of religion, culture and social life. Regardless of the cultural or religious affiliation, a person may always explore culture that they perceive as appropriate for them. However, I disagree with the assumption that westernization has increased the disregard of culture and religion. The western culture is part of the paradigm of a changing world. If people, mostly leaders, enhanced their teaching on religion and tradition the world population would not be easily westernized. Westernization may be a failure on cultures and religion to remain stern and resist being versatile to suit the need and beliefs of every person. For instance, religions like Islam remain less corroded from the fact that they retain the original provisions of the religion regardless of the global

Risk Management Plan for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk Management Plan for Business - Essay Example Practitioners have developed several approaches in resolving the adverse effects punctuated by risks. Through the years, systematic methods were devised to arrive at the best results and prevent the risks from recurring. Moreover, risk management has become part of the entire strategic planning and other similar corporate endeavors (Leland, 1998). In a more specific view, project development processes have included identification of risks as well as the provision of action plans to combat the risks. These improvements in the perception of project risks have provided leverage for organizations. The process of implementing risk management is procedural and requires intricate schemes. Ideal risk management suggests that the risk with the will create more loss and likely to happen is prioritized. Risks with low-key effects and with less probability are shelved for later actions. Based on this model, it is evident that it is difficult to create strategies to mitigate risks. It will be a challenge for firms to balance the risks and determine their impact and probability. LRH Financial is global investment management company that serves as financial intermediary. The marketing group headed by Alana Shapiro has been contemplating on creating projects that will become the marketing initiative of the company. Initially, the company has targeted the media as the most viable avenue to promote the company. The specific project was designed to make the company a primary sponsor in golf and basketball events. It is expected that such exposure will make the company highly recognizable. In addition, the company will become a commodity among households and sports aficionados. Since golf and basketball are emerging sports, television viewers are highly interested in watching such games. Despite of this expected success, the project team has realized the tendency of risks to occur. Essentially, this will provide a better picture on the manner in which the project will perform. The team will be tasked to identify the different risks according to the nature in which the risks exist. The process will be rigorous as it will require time before the team finally arrives at project plans. It is, however, advantageous for the company to explore the possibilities of barriers to the project. For the project to succeed, the project team has to properly identify the risks and determine the level of prioritization. Although risks are difficult to quantify, the team has the capacity to determine the likely impact of these risks to the company. Precision and accuracy are important in this process. It is imperative for the project to create a viable action plan that will handle the risks and anticipate the occurrence of unknown risks. Risk Identification Because the project is dynamic, it is expected that risks will exist and eventually affect its efficacy. Before identifying the risks, it is important to discuss the nature of the project. The project concerns sporting events particularly golf and basketball to be sponsored by LRH Financial. Interestingly, the budget for the project is perceived to be adequate and the support from high-ranking officials is ample. Primarily, the name of the company will be exposed in the basketball and golf games. These will be done orally through the commentators and by print using banners and video graphics. Given the nature of the

Definition paper. The word is Honor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definition paper. The word is Honor - Essay Example variety of reasons like courage, good works, self-sacrifice and many others; though the word can also be attributed to things which are considered sacred and to gods. Respect is an equal of dignity, the value of a person to another. Being an abstract word, honor is quite difficult to explain although there are synonyms that one can use to let the word be expounded on. Probably the easiest way to understand the word honor is to point out to its value through the actions, words or other manifestations. It is like explaining the presence of air. One can not really hold air and show it to another person to let the other understand its meaning or see how it looks like. Proving there is air is done by pointing out to its effects, showing the tree move in response to the presence of air. The same method is utilized in this quest to define the word honor or honour. Honor held by a person can be seen through other people’s response to his presence. An honored man, when he speaks is taken not on a light mood but considered to speak like a god, having the authority over others, the confidence and attention of his listeners because of what is known about him. Integrity is most often the product of similar abstract things like goodness, love for others, kindness, endurance, care, hard work, determination, and other values or concepts of worthiness. Hard work may be rewarded with the honor of a position in an office. For instance, a clerk who works hard to gain the favor of his employers can be promoted to a higher level where he can enjoy more pay and more benefits as a consequence of his employers’ confidence in him because of his performance. There are also distinctions which are not brought by the hard work and confidence directly effected by the person. For instance, a prince can inherit the reputation bestowed upon his father, be coming the king next to his father after his death. Money which is one of the things that draw the respect of others can also be inherited

Quality management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Quality management - Assignment Example It would not be easy for the managers to implement several independent management systems to address all these aspects. This is the context when an integrated management system that can effectively address areas like quality management, environmental management, and health and safety management becomes important. An integrated management system is a broad concept that covers different aspects of corporate management. A close analysis reveals that the Oman Air has not implemented an integrated management system yet. Evidently, it is suggestible for the organisation to think about a new system. To be specific, the Oman Air management team has to consider a comprehensive five-phase execution strategy encompassing phases like preparation, planning, execution, monitoring, and certification. Development of a well structured quality policy and environment policy is vital to direct this management system implementation process effectively. This paper will explore some potential approaches to the implementation of an extensive integrated management system (IMS) in Oman Air. Oman Air The Oman Air, based on the grounds of Muscat International Airport in Seeb, Muscat, is the Oman’s national airline that was founded in 1993. Oman Air operates in the aerospace industry. The original history of the Oman Air can be dated back to 1970 when the Oman International Services (OIS) was established. The Oman Air operates international passenger as well as scheduled domestic services in addition to providing regional air taxi and charter flight services in the country. Oman Air, a member of the Arab Air Carriers Organisation has become the world’s first airline service to offer both Wi-Fi and mobile phone internet connections on selected routes as of March 2010 (flyfirstclass.com, 2013). Oman Air received the ‘Airline of the Year’ Gold award at France’s Laurier d’Or du Voyage d’Affaires (Oman Air, 2011). After its foundation in 1993, the Oman Air rapidly spread its roots across the globe over the next several years. The Omani government recapitalised the airline in 2007 by increasing its shares in the airline from nearly 33 to 80 percent. In the same year, the organization considered reviewing its strategic plans with intent to explore the opportunities of entering the long-haul market. In May 2007, the government announced that it is going to pull out of Gulf Air so as to concentrate more on the development of Oman Air. The organisation launched its long haul services in November 2007 by operating flights to London and Bangkok. Oman Air planned new long haul routes with the arrival of its new Airbus A330-200/300 aircraft. The Omani government held 99.8 percent shares in the Oman Air as of November 2010 (omanair.com, 2012). Currently, the airline has 44 global destinations across 23 countries. In addition, it has codeshare agreements with four airlines including Emirates, Ethiopian Airlines, Qatar Airways, and Roya l Jordanian (travel media). Sinbad is a three tier frequent flyer programme launched in 2007 and is directly managed by Oman Air where the three tiers are Sinbad Blue, Sinbad Silver, and Sinbad Gold (sindbad.omanair.com, n.d.). Integrated management system As mentioned already, it would be a difficult task for firms, particularly huge sized firms, to maintain separate management systems to deal with different areas of organisational management. According Zeng, Tam, and Tam

Global Business Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Business Context - Essay Example This essay declare that principal macroeconomic variables and government policy instruments change in response to external factors over the course of a business. For example to curve the influx of imported items that will cut a big portion of the local industries’ customer base, the government can increase taxes of imports of certain types of imports. To combat inflation, the government can order the banks to release plenty of money into the economy. In order to make the factory workers happy, the state pass a law ordering all companies to increase the basic salary. This paper stresses that the Gross Domestic Product, the inflation rate and the unemployment rate are the three major, widely cited and watched macroeconomic variables of economic activity. And, gross domestic products will take into account all the production inside a country, independent of who, domestic or foreign, owns the production site. What is important is that the production takes place inside the territorial boundaries of the U.S. Most wages increase when business profits and prices of basic necessities like food, clothing and shelter increase. Shifts in labor market that can create unemployment or the reverse which is increased employment in some sectors of industry. The shifts in public policies affecting labor demand (such as minimum wage, worker safety, and even foreign trade legislation) can create shifts in the unemployment rate. ... And, gross domestic products will take into account all the production inside a country, independent of who, domestic or foreign, owns the production site. What is important is that the production takes place inside the territorial boundaries of the U.S.Also, most wages increase when business profits and prices of basic necessities like food, clothing and shelter increase. Shifts in labor market that can create unemployment or the reverse which is increased employment in some sectors of industry. Also, a few of these shifts are attributable changes in GDP are caused by changes in aggregate demand or aggregate supply, or both. Additionally, the shifts in public policies affecting labor demand (such as minimum wage, worker safety, and even foreign trade legislation) can create shifts in the unemployment rate.Further, increases in foreign currency exchange rates favor the exporter in times of increase but favor the buyer when prices of goods and commodities decrease. The unemployment ra te decreases when there is an increase in company profits. Unemployment rate had decreased to its lowest term from 17.2 percent in 1986. This according to the Northern Ireland Yearbook, 2005.Furthermore, inflation increases every year forcing business to increase the priceof its products. Inflation in an economy can be the result of an increase in aggregate demand that is not accompanied by an increase in aggregate supply. Clearly, this is known as demand-pull inflation. Further, a rise in any component of aggregate demand can produce demand-pull inflation. One reason for a sudden, unanticipated rise in aggregate demand can be an the unexpected rise in the supply of money. For

Management Accounting (performance indication, product and service Essay

Management Accounting (performance indication, product and service costing, budgeting) - Essay Example Product and service costing analysis will clear out the unnecessary costs that are being incurred by the institution thus taking corrective actions for the same. Through the estimation of the incremental budgeting we can assess as to the implementation of the same is required or not thereby suggesting other budgetary procedure which may or may not be implemented by the institution based on the present circumstances. The University of Newland has therefore adopted measures through the mode of financial tools like return on capital employed, incremental budgeting, standard costing and various other cost restricting tools in order to increase the profit margin of the organisation. These tools would also help them in setting a probable standard for themselves so that any deviation from the same could be anticipated beforehand. Dealing with Performance Indication From the given data related to the project of Management accounting we can observe that few performance tools have been used as in the separate subject department is considered to be an investment centre. Return on investment is one of the main tools for calculation of the various investment centres mentioned in the paper. The total income earned by the institution is 185mn pound which also gives us the estimation of the capital employed or to be employed by the organisation (Mowen, 2011, p.554). However, the targeted return of 7% on capital employed is the return to be generated from the operations of the institution. The assets here have to be forecasted in order to bring a change in the operating cost so much so that the target could be easily achieved. If higher productivity is achieved with lower manpower so that the cost of labour can be saved; this in turn will be the major factor behind building the base for the return of the capital employed. As the pay rates will rise over the time span, labour hour saving will help in the generation of positive return on capital employed. It is calculated as: ROC E= Net Operating income after tax (Morrell, 2001, p.131) Capital Employed Here investment centre means the responsibility that is designated to the manager for executing the responsibility of managing cost and revenue of the organisation. They are responsible for generating income and executing responsibility related to investment base (Drury, 2007, p.396). The responsibility centre has three sub heads namely, cost centre, profit centre and investment centre. The measurement of the performance in the cost centre depicts the efficiency of operation in quantitative terms of inputs used for the production of the given output. From the word profit we can understand the difference between the expenditure made of acquiring the input and the income generated from output of the organisation. Hence it is quite possible to derive both the effectiveness and the efficiency from the profit centre. On the other hand, the possibility or scope of a probable investment opportunity gives rise to an i nvestment cen

The Civil Rights Movement Essay Example for Free

The Civil Rights Movement Essay The Civil Rights Movement is the most significant and eventful era in America and in African American history. The movement refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states. The movement opened new economic, social and political opportunities to blacks. It had a strong effect on the way people thought and acted. The struggle was about far more than just civil rights under law; it was also about fundamental issues of freedom, respect, dignity, and economic and social equality. Significant achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations. Further, Martin Luther King Jr. organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Finally racial separation on the buses in Montgomery was also declared illegal. After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 the civil rights movement, however, begun to lose momentum. The Civil Rights Movement marks a remarkable moment in history. Women’s Movement: The womens movement of the 1960s and 1970s drew inspiration from the civil rights movement. It was made up mainly of members of the middle class, and thus partook of the spirit of rebellion that affected large segments of middle-class youth in the 1960s. During the 1950s and 1960s, increasing numbers of married women entered the labor force, but in 1963 the average working woman earned only 63 percent of what a man made. Women argued that they had no outlets for expression other than finding a husband and bearing children. Women were encouraged to seek new roles and responsibilities, to seek their own personal and professional identities rather than have them defined by the outside, male-dominated society. The womens movement stagnated in the late 1970’s. Divisions arose between moderate and radical feminists and the movement failed to move beyond the middle class. Conservative opponents mounted a campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, and it died in 1982 without gaining the approval of the 38 states needed for ratification. Oprah Winfrey: Oprah Winfrey is a popular African American television host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. Winfrey was born in 1954 in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother and later raised in an inner-city Milwaukee neighborhood. She experienced considerable hardship during her childhood, including being raped at the age of nine and becoming pregnant at 14. At 18 Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. She is known for her self-titled talk show. Her show has become the highest-rated program of its kind in history. Winfreys talk show went national in 1986, and as it had in Chicago, Oprah took the top spot almost immediately. Its been the top-rated daytime talk show ever since. There is immense power in Winfreys opinions and endorsements to influence public opinion. She certainly has a place in one of the most powerful women in the World today. The Color Purple: The Color Purple is an epistolary novel by American author Alice Walker. It received the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award. The book has been adapted into a film and musical of the same name. The story is told in the form of diary entries and letters. The story focuses on female black life during the 1930s in the Southern United States, addressing the numerous issues including their exceedingly low position in American social culture. Celie is a poor uneducated young black woman in 1909 Georgia who, aged only fourteen, is raped and impregnated twice by a man she calls Pa. Celie goes through life having a hard time noticing the beautiful aspects and appreciating them. She had a difficult life and was abused as an adolescent. The color purple is continually equated with suffering and pain. Eventually, Celies life is complete, as the two families join as one, despite blood relations and years of separation. The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1985. On December 1, 2005, a musical adaptation of the novel opened at The Broadway Theatre in New York City. (www. colorpurple. com) Reference http://www.buzzle.com/articles/1960s-civil-rights-movement-in-america.html